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Find Significant Rules

Source: R/is.significant.R
is.significant.Rd

Provides the generic functions is.significant() and the method to find significant rules.

Usage

is.significant(x, ...)

# S4 method for class 'rules'
is.significant(
  x,
  transactions = NULL,
  method = "fisher",
  alpha = 0.01,
  adjust = "none",
  reuse = TRUE,
  ...
)

Arguments

x

a set of rules.

...

further arguments are passed on to interestMeasure().

transactions

optional set of transactions. Only needed if not sufficient interest measures are available in x. If the test should be performed on a transaction set different then the one used for mining (use reuse = FALSE).

method

test to use. Options are "fisher", "chisq". Note that the contingency table is likely to have cells with low expected values and that thus Fisher's Exact Test might be more appropriate than the chi-squared test.

alpha

required significance level.

adjust

method to adjust for multiple comparisons. Some options are "none", "bonferroni", "holm", "fdr", etc. (see stats::p.adjust() for more methods)

reuse

logical indicating if information in the quality slot should be reuse for calculating the measures.

Value

returns a logical vector indicating which rules are significant.

Details

The implementation for association rules uses Fisher's exact test with correction for multiple comparisons to test the null hypothesis that the LHS and the RHS of the rule are independent. Significant rules have a p-value less then the specified significance level alpha (the null hypothesis of independence is rejected). See Hahsler and Hornik (2007) for details.

References

Hahsler, Michael and Kurt Hornik (2007). New probabilistic interest measures for association rules. Intelligent Data Analysis, 11(5):437–455. doi:10.3233/IDA-2007-11502

See also

stats::p.adjust()

Other interest measures: confint, coverage(), interestMeasure(), is.redundant(), support()

Other postprocessing: is.closed(), is.generator(), is.maximal(), is.redundant(), is.superset(), ruleInduction()

Other associations functions: abbreviate(), associations-class, c, duplicated(), extract, inspect(), is.closed(), is.generator(), is.maximal(), is.redundant(), is.superset(), itemsets-class, match(), rules-class, sample(), sets, size(), sort(), unique()

Author

Michael Hahsler

Examples

data("Income")
rules <- apriori(Income, support = 0.2)
#> Apriori
#> 
#> Parameter specification:
#>  confidence minval smax arem  aval originalSupport maxtime support minlen
#>         0.8    0.1    1 none FALSE            TRUE       5     0.2      1
#>  maxlen target  ext
#>      10  rules TRUE
#> 
#> Algorithmic control:
#>  filter tree heap memopt load sort verbose
#>     0.1 TRUE TRUE  FALSE TRUE    2    TRUE
#> 
#> Absolute minimum support count: 1375 
#> 
#> set item appearances ...[0 item(s)] done [0.00s].
#> set transactions ...[50 item(s), 6876 transaction(s)] done [0.00s].
#> sorting and recoding items ... [26 item(s)] done [0.00s].
#> creating transaction tree ... done [0.00s].
#> checking subsets of size 1 2 3 4 5 6 done [0.01s].
#> writing ... [714 rule(s)] done [0.00s].
#> creating S4 object  ... done [0.00s].
is.significant(rules)
#>   [1] FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE
#>  [13]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE
#>  [25]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE
#>  [37]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#>  [49] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#>  [61]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#>  [73]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE
#>  [85]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#>  [97]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [109]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE
#> [121] FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [133]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [145]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [157]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [169]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [181]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
#> [193]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [205]  TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [217] FALSE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [229]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE
#> [241]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
#> [253]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [265] FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [277]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [289]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [301]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [313]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [325]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [337]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [349]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [361]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
#> [373]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE
#> [385]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
#> [397] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [409]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [421]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [433]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [445]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [457]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [469] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE
#> [481]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [493]  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [505]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [517] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [529]  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
#> [541]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE
#> [553]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [565]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [577] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [589]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [601]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
#> [613]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [625] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [637]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [649]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [661]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
#> [673]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [685]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [697]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [709] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE

rules[is.significant(rules)]
#> set of 586 rules 

# Adjust P-values for multiple comparisons
rules[is.significant(rules, adjust = "bonferroni")]
#> set of 552 rules