Research on Recommender Systems

Amazon.com paved the way for several large-scale, behavior-based recommendation services as an important value-added expert advice service for online book shops. In this contribution we discuss the effects (and possible reductions of transaction costs) for such services and investigate how such value-added services can be implemented in context of scientific libraries. For this purpose we present a new, recently developed recommender system based on a stochastic purchase incidence model, present the underlying stochastic model from repeat-buying theory and analyze whether the underlying assumptions on consumer behavior holds for users of scientific libraries, too. We analyzed the logfiles with approximately 85 million HTTP-transactions of the web-based online public access catalog (OPAC) of the library of the Universität Karlsruhe (TH) since January 2001 and performed some diagnostic checks. The recommender service is fully operational within the library system of the Universität Karlsruhe (TH) since 2002/06/22.

Scientific library systems are a very promising application area for recommender services. Scientific libraries could easily develop customer-oriented service portals in the style of amazon.com. Students, university teachers and researchers can reduce their transaction cost (i.e. search and evaluation cost of information products). For librarians, the advantage is an improvement of the customer support by recommendations and the additional support in marketing research, product evaluation, and book selection. In this contribution we present a strategy for integrating a behavior-based distributed recommender service in legacy library systems with minimal changes in the legacy system.

In this contribution we present a systematic evaluation and comparison of recommender systems based on simple association rules and on repeat-buying theory. Both recommender services are based on the customer purchase histories of a medium-sized B2B-merchant for computer accessories. With the help of product managers an evaluation set for recommendations was generated. With regard to this evaluation set, recommendations produced by both methods are evaluated and several error measures are computed. This provides an empirical test whether frequent item sets or outliers of a stochastic purchase incidence model are suitable concepts for automatically generation recommendations. Furthermore, the loss function (performance measures) of the two models are compared and the sensitivity with regard to a misspecification of the model parameters is discussed.

Since more and more Web sites, especially sites of retailers, offer automatic recommendation services using Web usage mining, evaluation of recommender algorithms has become increasingly important. In this paper we present a framework for the evaluation of different aspects of recommender systems based on the process of discovering knowledge in databases introduced by Fayyad et al. and we summarize research already done in this area. One aspect identified in the presented evaluation framework is widely neglected when dealing with recommender algorithms. This aspect is to evaluate how useful patterns extracted by recommender algorithms are to support the social process of recommending products to others, a process normally driven by recommendations by peers or experts. To fill this gap for recommender algorithms based on frequent itemsets extracted from usage data we evaluate the usefulness of two algorithms. The first recommender algorithm uses association rules, and the other algorithm is based on the repeat-buying theory known from marketing research. We use 6 months of usage data from an educational Internet information broker and compare useful recommendations identified by users from the target group of the broker (peers) with the recommendations produced by the algorithms. The results of the evaluation presented in this paper suggest that frequent itemsets from usage histories match the concept of useful recommendations expressed by peers with satisfactory accuracy (higher than 70%) and precision (between 60% and 90%). Also the evaluation suggests that both algorithms studied in the paper perform similar on real-world data if they are tuned properly.

Wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken stellen ein vielversprechendes Anwendungsfeld für Recommenderdienste dar. Wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken können leicht kundenzentrierte Serviceportale im Stil von amazon.com entwickeln. Studenten, Universitätslehrer und -forscher können ihren Anteil an den Transaktionskosten (z.B. Such- und Bewertungskosten für Informationsprodukte) reduzieren. Für Bibliothekare liegt der Vorteil in einer Verbesserung der Kundenberatung durch Empfehlungen und einer zusätzlichen Unterstützung bei der Marktforschung, Produktbewertung und dem Bestandsmanagement. In diesem Beitrag präsentieren wir eine Strategie, mit der verhaltensbasierte, verteilte Recommenderdienste in bestehende Bibliothekssysteme mit minimalem Aufwand integriert werden können und berichten über unsere Erfahrungen bei der Einführung eines solchen Dienstes an der Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Karlsruhe (TH).

Association rules are a widely used technique to generate recommendations in commercial and research recommender systems. Since more and more Web sites, especially of retailers, offer automatic recommender services using Web usage mining, evaluation of recommender algorithms becomes increasingly important. In this paper we first present a framework for the evaluation of different aspects of recommender systems based on the process of discovering knowledge in databases of Fayyad et al. and then we focus on the comparison of the performance of two recommender algorithms based on frequent itemsets. The first recommender algorithm uses association rules, and the other recommender algorithm is based on the repeat-buying theory known from marketing research. For the evaluation we concentrated on how well the patterns extracted from usage data match the concept of useful recommendations of users. We use 6 month of usage data from an educational Internet information broker and compare useful recommendations identified by users from the target group of the broker with the results of the recommender algorithms. The results of the evaluation presented in this paper suggest that frequent itemsets from purchase histories match the concept of useful recommendations expressed by users with satisfactory accuracy (higher than 70%) and precision (between 60% and 90%). Also the evaluation suggests that both algorithms studied in the paper perform similar on real-world data if they are tuned properly.

In this contribution we transfer a customer purchase incidence model for consumer products which is based on Ehrenberg s repeat-buying theory to Web-based information products. Ehrenberg s repeat-buying theory successfully describes regularities on a large number of consumer product markets. We show that these regularities exist in electronic markets for information goods, too, and that purchase incidence models provide a well founded theoretical base for re-commender and alert services. The article consists of two parts. In the first part Ehrenberg s repeat-buying theory and its assumptions are reviewed and adapted for web-based information markets. Second, we present the empirical validation of the model based on data collected from the information market of the Virtual University of the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration from September 1999 to May 2001.

In the context of a virtual university's information broker we study the consumption patterns for information goods and we investigate if Ehrenberg's repeat-buying theory which successfully models regularities in a large number of consumer product markets can be applied in electronic markets for information goods too. First results indicate that Ehrenberg's repeat-buying theory succeeds in describing the consumption patterns of bundles of complementary information goods reasonably well and that this can be exploited for automatically generating anonymous recommendation services based on such information bundles. An experimental anonymous recommender service has been implemented and is currently evaluated in the Virtual University of the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration at http://vu.wu-wien.ac.at.

Recommendersysteme liefern einen wichtigen Beitrag für die Ausgestaltung von eMarketing Aktivitäten. Ausgehend von einer Diskussion von Input/Output Charakteristika zur Beschreibung solcher Systeme, die bereits eine geeignete Unterscheidung praxisrelevanter Erscheinungsformen erlauben, wird motiviert, warum eine solche Charakterisierung durch die Einbeziehung methodischer Aspekte aus der Marketing Forschung angereichert werden muss. Ein auf der Theorie des Wiederkaufverhaltens basierendes Recommendersystem sowie ein System, das Empfehlungen mittels Analyse des Navigationsverhaltens von Site Besuchern erzeugt, werden vorgestellt. Am Beispiel der Amazon Site werden die Marketing Möglichkeiten von Recommendersystemen verdeutlicht. Abschließend wird zur Abrundung auf weitere Literatur mit Recommendersystem Bezug eingegangen. In einem Ausblick werden Hinweise gegeben, in welche Richtungen Weiterentwicklungen geplant sind.

In diesem Beitrag wird die Rolle von Recommendersystemen und ihr Potential in der Lehr-, Lern- und Forschungsumgebung einer Virtuellen Universität untersucht.Die Hauptidee dieses Beitrags besteht darin, die Informationsaggregationsfähigkeiten von Recommendersystemen in einer Virtuellen Universität auszunutzen, um Tutoren-und Beratungsdienste in einer Virtuellen Universität automatisch zu verbessern, um damit Betreuung und Beratung von Studierenden zu personalisieren und für eine größere Anzahl von Teilnehmern bei gleichzeitiger Entlastung der Lehrenden verfügbar zu machen. Im zweiten Teil dieses Beitrags werden die Recommenderdienste von myVU, der Sammlung der personalisierten Dienste der Virtuellen Universität (VU) der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien und ihre nicht-personalisierten Variantenbeschrieben, die im Wesentlichen auf beobachtetem Benutzerverhalten und, in der personalisierten Variante, zusätzlich auf Selbstselektion durch Selbsteinschätzung der Erfahrung in einem Fachgebiet beruhen. Abschließend wird noch der innovative Einsatz solcher Systeme diskutiert und an einigen Szenarien beschrieben.

In this contribution we transfer a customer purchase incidence model for consumer products which is based on Ehrenberg's repeat-buying theory to Web-based information products. Ehrenberg's repeat-buying theory successfully describes regularities in a large number of consumer product markets. We show that these regularities exist in electronic markets for information goods too, and that purchase incidence models provide a well founded theoretical foundation for recommender and alert systems. The article consists of three parts. First, we present the architecture of an information market and its instrumentation for collecting data on customer behavior. In the second part Ehrenberg's repeat-buying theory and its assumptions are reviewed and adapted for Web-based information markets. Finally, we present the empirical validation of the model based on data collected from the information market of the Virtual University of the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration at http://vu.wu-wien.ac.at

In this article we investigate the role of recommender systems and their potential in the educational and scientific environment of a Virtual University. The key idea is to use the information aggregation capabilities of a recommender system to improve the tutoring and consulting services of a Virtual University in an automated way and thus scale tutoring and consulting in a personalized way to a mass audience. We describe the recommender services of myVU, the collection of the personalized services of the Virtual University (VU) of the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration which are based on observed user behavior and self assignment of experience which are currently field-tested. We show, how the usual mechanism design problems inherent to recommender systems are addressed in this prototype.

myVU is a next generation recommender system based on observed consumer behavior and interactive evolutionary algorithms implementing customer relationship management and one-to-one marketing in the educational and scientific broker system of a virtual university. myVU provides a personalized, adaptive WWW-based user interface for all members of a virtual university and it delivers routine recommendations for frequently used scientific and educational Web-sites.